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Commit 2203b568 authored by Andrew Hirsch's avatar Andrew Hirsch
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Comments for local languages.

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LocalLang.v
View file @ 2203b568
(*
Module type for the local language.
We can instantiate this module type with any
number of languages, as we can see in the examples.
We can instantiate this module type with any number of languages, as we can see in the
examples.
*)
Module Type LocalLang.
(*
The local language is an expression-based language.
We assume that expressions have decidable syntactic equality.
This is a pretty weak assumption for syntax.
The local language is an expression-based language. We assume that expressions have
decidable syntactic equality. This is a pretty weak assumption for syntax.
*)
Parameter Expr : Set.
Parameter ExprEqDec : forall e1 e2 : Expr, {e1 = e2} + {e1 <> e2}.
(* Since we use de Bruijn indices, we represent variables as
natural numbers. We don't require any sort of binders in
the local language, so these don't necessarily count to
the relevant binder. However, in our examples they do. *)
(*
Since we use de Bruijn indices, we represent variables as natural numbers. We don't
require any sort of binders in the local language, so these don't necessarily count
to the relevant binder. However, in our examples they do.
*)
Parameter ExprVar : nat -> Expr.
(* An expression is closed above `n` if variables above `n`
do not appear free in the expression. Clearly, if
an expression is closed above `0`, then it contains
no free variables.
(*
An expression is closed above `n` if variables above `n` do not appear free in the
expression. Clearly, if an expression is closed above `0`, then it contains no free
variables.
The property of being closed above is monotonic.
Moreover, variables are always closed above
anything greater than themselves.
The property of being closed above is monotonic. Moreover, variables are always closed
above anything greater than themselves.
*)
Parameter ExprClosedAbove : nat -> Expr -> Prop.
Definition ExprClosed := ExprClosedAbove 0.
......@@ -36,22 +35,19 @@ Module Type LocalLang.
Parameter ExprVarClosed : forall n m, ExprClosedAbove n (ExprVar m) <-> m < n.
(*
Values are a subset of expressions (here represented
as a property of expressions. These are always closed.
This restriction is necessary for communication to
typecheck in Pirouette.
Values are a subset of expressions (here represented as a property of expressions.
These are always closed. This restriction is necessary for communication to typecheck
in Pirouette.
*)
Parameter ExprVal : Expr -> Prop.
Parameter ExprValuesClosed : forall v : Expr, ExprVal v -> ExprClosed v.
(*
Local languages need to define a(n infinite)
substitution operator. This replaces all variables
in the expression with new subexpressions. We also
consider a renaming operation, which allows us to
substitute variables more easily with other variables.
This can be defined via the "specification" equation
below, but it is often better to define it seperately.
Local languages need to define a(n infinite) substitution operator. This replaces all
variables in the expression with new subexpressions. We also consider a renaming
operation, which allows us to substitute variables more easily with other variables.
This can be defined via the "specification" equation below, but it is often better to
define it seperately.
*)
Parameter ExprSubst : Expr -> (nat -> Expr) -> Expr.
Parameter ExprRename : Expr -> (nat -> nat) -> Expr.
......@@ -60,8 +56,9 @@ Module Type LocalLang.
Parameter ExprRenameSpec : forall (e : Expr) (ξ : nat -> nat),
e ⟨e| ξ⟩ = e [e| fun n => ExprVar (ξ n)].
(* Substitution must correctly replace a variable.
This allows us to show that renaming must do the same thing.
(*
Substitution must correctly replace a variable. This allows us to show that renaming
must do the same thing.
*)
Parameter ExprSubstVar : forall n σ, (ExprVar n ) [e| σ] = σ n.
Lemma ExprRenameVar : forall n ξ, (ExprVar n) ⟨e| ξ ⟩ = ExprVar (ξ n).
......@@ -71,20 +68,17 @@ Module Type LocalLang.
Qed.
(* Renaming in an expression twice should behave
compositionally. For technical reasons, we need
this to prove an important property of Pirouette. *)
(*
Renaming in an expression twice should behave compositionally. For technical reasons,
we need this to prove an important property of Pirouette.
*)
Parameter ExprRenameFusion : forall (e : Expr) (ξ1 ξ2 : nat -> nat),
(e ⟨e| ξ1⟩) ⟨e| ξ2⟩ = e ⟨e| fun n => ξ2 (ξ1 n)⟩.
(* Parameter ExprSubstFusion : forall (e : Expr) (σ1 σ2 : nat -> Expr), *)
(* (e [e| σ1]) [e|σ2] = e [e| fun n => σ1 n [e| σ2]]. *)
(*
Substitution must be _extensional_ in the sense
that it does not rely on the implementation of
the substitution functions. This allows us to show
that renaming is also extensional.
Substitution must be _extensional_ in the sense that it does not rely on the
implementation of the substitution functions. This allows us to show that renaming is
also extensional.
*)
Parameter ExprSubstExt : forall (e : Expr) (σ1 σ2 : nat -> Expr),
(forall n, σ1 n = σ2 n) -> e [e| σ1] = e [e| σ2].
......@@ -97,10 +91,8 @@ Module Type LocalLang.
Qed.
(*
We define identity substitution and renamings.
We require that the substitution behave as an
identity. From that, we can show that the renaming
also behaves as an identity.
We define identity substitution and renamings. We require that the substitution behave
as an identity. From that, we can show that the renaming also behaves as an identity.
*)
Definition ExprIdSubst : nat -> Expr := fun n => ExprVar n.
Parameter ExprIdentitySubstSpec : forall (e : Expr), e [e| ExprIdSubst] = e.
......@@ -110,19 +102,15 @@ Module Type LocalLang.
intros e; rewrite ExprRenameSpec; unfold ExprIdRenaming; cbn.
apply ExprIdentitySubstSpec.
Qed.
(*
Substitution with de Bruijn indices usually relies
on `up` constructions on substitutions. These
are used when going past a constructor to ensure
that counting is done correctly.
Since we don't define substitution explicitly
here, nor do we have binders, these aren't used here.
However, we define them for convenience's sake.
We also prove that they do not affect the
identity substitution and renaming.
Substitution with de Bruijn indices usually relies on `up` constructions on
substitutions. These are used when going past a constructor to ensure that counting is
done correctly.
Since we don't define substitution explicitly here, nor do we have binders, these
aren't used here. However, we define them for convenience's sake. We also prove that
they do not affect the identity substitution and renaming.
*)
Definition ExprUpSubst : (nat -> Expr) -> nat -> Expr :=
fun σ n =>
......@@ -161,29 +149,26 @@ Module Type LocalLang.
Qed.
(*
We require separate boolean expressions `true` and `false`.
These must be separate expressions, and both be values.
We require separate boolean expressions `true` and `false`. These must be separate
expressions, and both be values.
*)
Parameter tt ff : Expr.
Parameter ttValue : ExprVal tt.
Parameter ffValue : ExprVal ff.
Parameter boolSeperation : tt <> ff.
(*
ExprStep is the small-step semantics for the
local language. We require that values not be
able to take a step, which reflects the fact that
we are using _small_-step semantics.
ExprStep is the small-step semantics for the local language. We require that values not
be able to take a step, which reflects the fact that we are using _small_-step
semantics.
*)
Parameter ExprStep : Expr -> Expr -> Prop.
Parameter NoExprStepFromVal : forall v, ExprVal v -> forall e, ~ ExprStep v e.
(*
Substitution, renaming, and stepping
should not change the fact that
expressions are closed above some level.
Substitution, renaming, and stepping should not change the fact that expressions are
closed above some level.
*)
Parameter ExprRenameClosedAbove : forall e n ξ m,
(forall k, k < n -> ξ k < m) ->
......
SoundlyTypedLocalLang.v
View file @ 2203b568
Require Export LocalLang.
Require Export TypedLocalLang.
Module Type SoundlyTypedLocalLang (E : LocalLang) (TE : TypedLocalLang E).
Import E.
Import TE.
Module Type SoundlyTypedLocalLang (Import LL : LocalLang) (Import TLL : TypedLocalLang LL).
(*
A soundly-typed local language does not allow boolean values other than true and false.
This is important in order to know that if expressions in Pirouette don't go wrong. If
we didn't have this, we could have a boolean expression which can't reduce, yet is
neither true nor false.
*)
Parameter BoolInversion : forall (Γ : nat -> ExprTyp) (v : Expr),
Γ ⊢e v ::: bool ->
ExprVal v ->
{v = tt} + {v = ff}.
(*
Progress and preservation for the local language is standard.
*)
Parameter ExprPreservation : forall (Γ : nat -> ExprTyp) (e1 e2 : Expr) (τ : ExprTyp),
Γ ⊢e e1 ::: τ -> ExprStep e1 e2 -> Γ ⊢e e2 ::: τ.
Parameter ExprProgress : forall (Γ : nat -> ExprTyp) (e1 : Expr) (τ : ExprTyp),
......
TypedLocalLang.v
View file @ 2203b568
Require Export LocalLang.
Module Type TypedLocalLang (E : LocalLang).
Import E.
(*
Assumptions for a type system for local languages.
Again, this is given as a module type. See STLC.v and TypedNatLang.v for instantiations.
*)
Module Type TypedLocalLang (Import E : LocalLang).
(*
Types are a Set with decidable equality.
*)
Parameter ExprTyp : Set.
Parameter ExprTypEqDec : forall tau sigma : ExprTyp, {tau = sigma} + {tau <> sigma}.
(*
We require a typing judgment of the form Γ ⊢ e : τ. We represent a context Γ as a
function from natural numbers (which represent variables) to types. This judgment is a
proposition (probably given as an inductive type, but we do not bake that in).
*)
Parameter ExprTyping : (nat -> ExprTyp) -> Expr -> ExprTyp -> Prop.
Notation "Gamma ⊢e e ::: tau" := (ExprTyping Gamma e tau) (at level 30).
(*
Variables are given the type they are assigned in the context.
*)
Parameter ExprVarTyping : forall (Γ : nat -> ExprTyp) (n : nat),
Γ ⊢e (ExprVar n) ::: (Γ n).
(*
Typing is extensional in the since that it does not look at the internal definition of
its context; it only cares about what type the context associates with what variable.
*)
Parameter ExprTypingExt : forall (Γ Δ : nat -> ExprTyp) (e : Expr) (τ : ExprTyp),
(forall n, Γ n = Δ n) ->
Γ ⊢e e ::: τ ->
Δ ⊢e e ::: τ.
(*
We require that each expression have a unique type within a given context. This is
probably the most burdensome requirement of this module type. However, it is necessary
for equivalence of choreographies to be type preserving.
*)
Parameter ExprTypingUnique : forall (Γ : nat -> ExprTyp) (e : Expr) (τ σ : ExprTyp),
Γ ⊢e e ::: τ ->
Γ ⊢e e ::: σ ->
τ = σ.
Parameter ExprWeakening : forall (Γ Δ : nat -> ExprTyp) (ξ : nat -> nat) (e : Expr) (τ : ExprTyp),
(forall n, Γ n = Δ (ξ n)) ->
Γ ⊢e e ::: τ ->
Δ ⊢e e ⟨e| ξ⟩ ::: τ.
(*
The type system should not take the values assigned by the context to variables not
free in the expression. Thus, if an expression e is closed above n, the values of the
context above n should not matter.
This is enough to allow us to prove that the context does not matter at all when typing
closed programs. Since we insist that all values are closed, it does not matter when
typing values.
*)
Parameter ExprClosedAboveTyping : forall (Γ Δ : nat -> ExprTyp) (e : Expr) (τ : ExprTyp) (n : nat),
ExprClosedAbove n e -> (forall m, m < n -> Γ m = Δ m) -> Γ ⊢e e ::: τ -> Δ ⊢e e ::: τ.
Lemma ExprClosedTyping : forall (Γ Δ : nat -> ExprTyp) (e : Expr) (τ : ExprTyp),
......@@ -43,56 +72,89 @@ Module Type TypedLocalLang (E : LocalLang).
apply ExprValuesClosed; auto.
Qed.
(*
We represent weakening by allowing renaming, changing the context to match. This
represents exchange as well as the classical definition of weakening. To see why this
represents weakening, consider an expression e which is closed above n, but which does
contain the variable n. If we type e in some context Γ, we can think of the "real"
finite context as Γ up through n. Then imagine renaming with the function
ξ i = if i = n + 1 then 0 else i + 1
Clearly, the resulting expression is only closed above n + 1. Thus, the new real
context contains some variables not in the original context.
*)
Parameter ExprWeakening : forall (Γ Δ : nat -> ExprTyp) (ξ : nat -> nat) (e : Expr) (τ : ExprTyp),
(forall n, Γ n = Δ (ξ n)) ->
Γ ⊢e e ::: τ ->
Δ ⊢e e ⟨e| ξ⟩ ::: τ.
(*
We require a type of booleans, and require that true and false are of boolean type.
*)
Parameter bool : ExprTyp.
Parameter TrueTyping : forall (Γ : nat -> ExprTyp),
Γ ⊢e tt ::: bool.
Parameter FalseTyping : forall (Γ : nat -> ExprTyp),
Γ ⊢e ff ::: bool.
(*
Substitutions replace every variable with a new expression. These expressions can
themselves contain variables. If Γ is a context, and σ assigns every variable x an
expression that (under a new context Δ) has the type Γ gives x, then we say that σ
changes Γ to Δ, which we write Γ ⊢ σ ⊣ Δ.
*)
Definition ExprSubstTyping : (nat -> ExprTyp) -> (nat -> Expr) -> (nat -> ExprTyp) -> Prop :=
fun Γ σ Δ => forall n : nat, Δ ⊢e (σ n) ::: (Γ n).
Notation "Gamma ⊢es sigma ⊣ Delta" := (ExprSubstTyping Gamma sigma Delta) (at level 30).
(*
We then require that, if σ changes Γ to Δ and e hastype τ under Γ, then e[e| σ] has
type τ under Δ.
*)
Parameter ExprSubstType :
forall (Γ Δ : nat -> ExprTyp) (sigma : nat -> Expr) (e : Expr) (τ : ExprTyp),
Γ ⊢es sigma ⊣ Δ -> Γ ⊢e e ::: τ -> Δ ⊢e e [e| sigma ] ::: τ.
forall (Γ Δ : nat -> ExprTyp) (σ : nat -> Expr) (e : Expr) (τ : ExprTyp),
Γ ⊢es σ ⊣ Δ -> Γ ⊢e e ::: τ -> Δ ⊢e e [e| σ ] ::: τ.
(*
Clearly, the identity substitution changes Γ to itself.
*)
Lemma ExprIdSubstTyping : forall (Γ : nat -> ExprTyp), Γ ⊢es ExprIdSubst ⊣ Γ.
Proof.
unfold ExprSubstTyping. intros Γ n. unfold ExprIdSubst. apply ExprVarTyping.
unfold ExprSubstTyping; intros Γ n; unfold ExprIdSubst; apply ExprVarTyping.
Qed.
Lemma ExprSubstLWeakening : forall (Γ Δ1 Δ2 : nat -> ExprTyp) (σ : nat -> Expr) (ξ : nat -> nat),
(forall n, Δ1 n = Δ2 (ξ n)) ->
Γ ⊢es σ ⊣ Δ1 ->
Γ ⊢es fun n => (σ n) ⟨e|ξ⟩ ⊣ Δ2.
Proof.
intros Γ Δ1 Δ2 σ ξ subΔ typing.
unfold ExprSubstTyping in *; intro n.
eapply ExprWeakening; eauto.
Qed.
(* Lemma ExprSubstLWeakening : forall (Γ Δ1 Δ2 : nat -> ExprTyp) (σ : nat -> Expr) (ξ : nat -> nat), *)
(* (forall n, Δ1 n = Δ2 (ξ n)) -> *)
(* Γ ⊢es σ ⊣ Δ1 -> *)
(* Γ ⊢es fun n => (σ n) ⟨e|ξ⟩ ⊣ Δ2. *)
(* Proof. *)
(* intros Γ Δ1 Δ2 σ ξ subΔ typing. *)
(* unfold ExprSubstTyping in *; intro n. *)
(* eapply ExprWeakening; eauto. *)
(* Qed. *)
Lemma ExprSubstRWeakening : forall (Γ1 Γ2 Δ : nat -> ExprTyp) (σ : nat -> Expr) (ξ : nat -> nat),
(forall n, Γ1 (ξ n) = Γ2 n) ->
Γ1 ⊢es σ ⊣ Δ ->
Γ2 ⊢es fun n => σ (ξ n) ⊣ Δ.
Proof.
intros Γ1 Γ2 Δ σ ξ subΓ typing.
unfold ExprSubstTyping in *; intro n.
rewrite <- subΓ. apply typing.
Qed.
(* Lemma ExprSubstRWeakening : forall (Γ1 Γ2 Δ : nat -> ExprTyp) (σ : nat -> Expr) (ξ : nat -> nat), *)
(* (forall n, Γ1 (ξ n) = Γ2 n) -> *)
(* Γ1 ⊢es σ ⊣ Δ -> *)
(* Γ2 ⊢es fun n => σ (ξ n) ⊣ Δ. *)
(* Proof. *)
(* intros Γ1 Γ2 Δ σ ξ subΓ typing. *)
(* unfold ExprSubstTyping in *; intro n. *)
(* rewrite <- subΓ. apply typing. *)
(* Qed. *)
Lemma ExprSubstTypeExpand : forall (Γ Δ : nat -> ExprTyp) (σ : nat -> Expr),
Γ ⊢es σ ⊣ Δ ->
forall τ : ExprTyp, ExprSubstTyping (fun n => match n with | 0 => τ | S n => Γ n end)
(ExprUpSubst σ)
(fun n => match n with |0 => τ | S n => Δ n end).
Proof.
intros Γ Δ σ typing τ.
unfold ExprUpSubst.
unfold ExprSubstTyping in *.
intro m.
unfold ExprUpSubst. destruct m; simpl.
apply ExprVarTyping.
apply ExprWeakening with (Γ := Δ); auto.
Qed.
(* Lemma ExprSubstTypeExpand : forall (Γ Δ : nat -> ExprTyp) (σ : nat -> Expr), *)
(* Γ ⊢es σ ⊣ Δ -> *)
(* forall τ : ExprTyp, ExprSubstTyping (fun n => match n with | 0 => τ | S n => Γ n end) *)
(* (ExprUpSubst σ) *)
(* (fun n => match n with |0 => τ | S n => Δ n end). *)
(* Proof. *)
(* intros Γ Δ σ typing τ. *)
(* unfold ExprUpSubst. *)
(* unfold ExprSubstTyping in *. *)
(* intro m. *)
(* unfold ExprUpSubst. destruct m; simpl. *)
(* apply ExprVarTyping. *)
(* apply ExprWeakening with (Γ := Δ); auto. *)
(* Qed. *)
End TypedLocalLang.
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